Basics (Definitions)

👉 Sentence:

A sentence is a group of words that make complete sense. It has at least one clause. Each sentence begins with a capital letter and ends with a full stop, question mark, or an exclamation mark. 

e.g. I need some water. [=one sentence/ one clause]

e.g. She told me that he had stolen her purse. [=one sentence/ two clauses]

👉 Assertive sentences:

A sentence that gives us information is known as an assertive sentence. It ends with a full stop.

e.g. He is rich. 

e.g. He is not rich.

e.g. She was an officer.

e.g. She was not an officer.

e.g. Mohan works hard.

e.g. Mohan doesn't work hard.

e.g. I need some time. 

e.g. I don't need any time.

There are two types of assertive sentences:

1.Affirmative S

2.Negative S

👉 1.Affirmative sentence:

An affirmative sentence expresses a fact or an idea without the use of negative words or phrases. 

e.g. He is rich. 

e.g. She was an officer.

e.g. Mohan works hard.

e.g. I need some time. 

👉 2.Negative sentence:

A negative statement expresses that something is not true or does not exist.

e.g. He is not rich.

e.g. She was not an officer.

e.g. Mohan doesn't work hard.

e.g. I don't need any time.

👉 Clause:

A group of words comprising a subject and a finite verb is known as a clause.

e.g. She is a civil engineer. [one clause= She is..]

e.g. He said that he needed some money. [two clauses= He said../ ..he needed..]

e.g. I want to know who he is. [two clauses= I want../ ..he is..]

👉 Phrase:

A group of words without a subject and a finite verb is known as a phrase.

e.g. At sea

e.g. In the night

e.g. After seeing him..

👉 Idiom:

An idiom is a phrase that has a meaning of its own, and it cannot be understood from the meanings of its individual words. 

e.g. Miss the boat [= It's too late]

e.g. Getting out of hand [= Things getting out of control]

e.g. At sea [= Confused]

👉 Proverb:

A proverb is a short popular saying that gives advice about how people should behave or that expresses a belief that is generally thought to be true.

e.g. All's well that ends well. [= As long as the result is good, the number of problems in the way doesn't matter.]

e.g. All that glitters is not gold. [= Things or people that look good on the outside might not be as valuable or good.]

👉 Phrasal verbs:

It is a phrase that consists of a verb with a preposition or an adverb or both. Its meaning is different from the meaning of its separate parts:

e.g. Fall through [= fail]

e.g. Fall out [= have an argument]

e.g. Fall in with [= to agree]

e.g. Zero in on [= to focus]

👉 Subject: 

The subject is the part of a sentence or a clause that commonly indicates what it is about, or who or what performs the action.

e.g. She is my sister. [she= subject]

e.g. She runs fast. [he= subject]

👉 Predicate:

It is the part of a sentence that contains a finite verb and gives information about the subject.

e.g. She told me the truth. [predicate= told me the truth]

e.g. He has earned a lot of money. [predicate= has earned a lot of money]

👉 Direct object:

A direct object receives the action of a verb. A direct object answers the questions ''whom'' or ''what.''

e.g. He repaired the car. [The car= direct object]

e.g. She taught me.  [Me= direct object]

👉 Indirect object:

An indirect object receives the action of the direct object, answering the questions ''to or for whom or what.''

e.g. He told her stories. [Her= indirect object/ Stories= direct object]

e.g. He told stories to her. [Her= indirect object/ Stories= direct object]

e.g. She purchased her son a watch.AmE 

[A watch= direct object/ Her son= indirect object]

e.g. She purchased a watch for her son.  

[A watch= direct object/ Her son= indirect object]