A few bits of ''Basics":

A few bits of ‘basics’:

##1. Subject:

It is the part of a clause or a sentence that does something or about which some information is given. / जो कुछ करता है या जिसके बारे में बात होती है subject कहलाता है।

 

e.g. Mohan teaches maths. (Subject= Mohan)

e.g. She runs fast. (Subject= She)

e.g. Rohan is a doctor. (Subject= Rohan)

e.g. He is innocent. (Subject= He)

e.g. Get out. (Subject= you, क्योंकि यह एक Imperative sentence है जिसमें subject "you" होता है जो बोला नहीं जाता है या दिखाई नहीं पड़ता है।)

e.g. Don't sit here. (Subject= you, क्योंकि यह एक Imperative sentence है जिसमें subject "you" होता है जो बोला नहीं जाता है या दिखाई नहीं पड़ता है।)

e.g. Where are they? (Subject= they)

e.g. She and I help each other. (Subject= she and I)

e.g. Under the table is sitting a cat. (Subject= cat क्योंकि सामान्य वाक्य "A cat is sitting under the table." में inversion का नियम लगाकर शब्दों का क्रम बदल दिया है। जब Inversion टॉपिक पढ़ाया जायेगा तब इसको डिटेल में डिस्कस करेंगे।)

e.g. Away went Sumit. (Subject= Sumit, क्योंकि सामान्य वाक्य "Sumit went away." में inversion का नियम लगाकर शब्दों का क्रम बदल दिया है। जब Inversion टॉपिक पढ़ाया जायेगा तब इसको डिटेल में डिस्कस करेंगे।)

e.g. There is a man. (Subject= man) वाक्य की शुरुआत adverb "there" या "here" से हो तो subject "verb" के बाद मौजूद noun या pronoun होता है। Verb भी इन noun या pronoun पर निर्भर करती है।

e.g. She was beaten by him. (Subject= she) यह एक passive voice sentence है, और इसमें दिख रहा subject वही है जिस पर verb निर्भर करती है। "She" की जगह "They" होता तो plural verb आती।

 

##2. Predicate:

The part of a clause or a sentence that tells us something about its subject is known as the predicate. It has at least one finite verb./ किसी clause या sentence का वह हिस्सा जो subject के बारे में कुछ बताये predicate कहलाता है। इसमें कम से कम एक finite verb होती है।

 

e.g. I work under him. (Predicate= work under him)

e.g. She is running fast. (Predicate= is running fast)

e.g. He was a great dancer. (Predicate= was a great dancer)

e.g. Mohan was not interested in my book. (Predicate= was not interested in my book)

e.g. He and she are partners. (Predicate= are partners)

e.g. You, he and I need to be careful. (Predicate= need to be careful)

e.g. Come here. (Predicate= come here)

e.g. Don't laugh. (Predicate= don't laugh)

e.g. I ate food and drank water. (Predicate= ate food and drank water)

e.g. Down goes the boxer. (Predicate= down goes, क्योंकि सामान्य वाक्य "The boxer goes down." में inversion का नियम लगाकर शब्दों का क्रम बदल दिया है। जब Inversion टॉपिक पढ़ाया जायेगा तब इसको डिटेल में डिस्कस करेंगे।)

 

##3. Object:

A person or a thing that is affected by the action of the verb or that receives something is known as its object.

कोई व्यक्ति या वस्तु जिस पर verb प्रभाव डाले object कहलाता है। (कई बार वाक्य में object नहीं होता है, जैसे He is sleeping right now./ She sang well.)

e.g. She helped me./ e.g. He ignored my comments./ e.g. He gave me food./ e.g. He gave food to me.

 

Types of object:

1. Direct object/ 2. Indirect object

 

Direct object (DO):

It can be identified by asking the question ‘what’./ यह object "क्या" का उत्तर देता है। e.g. He gave me food./ He gave food to me. (Food= Direct object)

 

Indirect object (IO):

To identify an indirect object, you can ask the question ‘for whom’ and ‘to whom’./ यह "किसे" या "किसको" जैसे प्रश्न का उत्तर देता है।

e.g. He gave me food./ He gave food to me. (Me= Indirect object)

 

e.g. He gave me food./ He gave food to me.

क्या दिया= food (Direct object)/ किसे दिया= me (Indirect object)

 

किन्तु यदि वाक्य में एक object हो तो वह हमेशा direct object कहलाता है।

e.g. She helped me. (Direct object= me)

e.g. He ignored my comments. (Direct object= my comments)

 

##4. Verbs:

सभी verbs को निम्नलिखित दो भागों में बाँट सकते हैं:

A.Helping verbs या Auxiliary verbs

B.Main verbs या Lexical verbs या Full verbs या Principal verbs

 

A. Helping verbs:

जो verb किसी और verb की हेल्प कर रही हो, Helping verb या Auxiliary verb कहलाती है।

 

e.g. 1.He has broken the door. (Has= helping verb)/ e.g. 2.She is writing a letter. (Is= helping verb)

e.g. 3.I was sleeping. (Was= helping verb)/ e.g. 4.They don't know me. (Do= helping verb)

 

B. Main verbs:

जो verb किसी और verb की हेल्प नहीं कर रही हो, अकेले स्टैंड कर रही हो या किसी helping verb से केवल support ले रही हो Main verb या Lexical verb या Full verb या Principal verb कहलाती है। यह verb वाक्य के action (कार्य) के बारे में बताती है।

[Helping verb का वाक्य में खुद का कोई अर्थ नहीं होता है।]

 

e.g. 5.He has broken the door. (Broken= main verb/ Has= helping verb)

e.g. 6.She is writing a letter. (Writing= main verb/ Is= helping verb)

e.g. 7.I was sleeping. (Sleeping= main verb/ Was= helping verb)

e.g. 8.They don't know me. (Know= main verb/ Do= helping verb)

e.g. 9.He has a smartphone. (Has= main verb)

e.g. 10.She is my cousin. (Is= main verb)

e.g. 11.I was at home. (Was= main verb)

e.g. 12.They do hard work. (Do= main verb)

 

नोट- Primary verbs, जैसे 🖋️ Be= is/ am/ are/ was/ were/ being/ been 🖋️ Do= does/ did🖋️ Have= has/ had, ऊपर दिये लॉजिक के अनुसार, किसी वाक्य में helping verbs तथा किसी अन्य वाक्य में main verbs हो सकती हैं।

 

##5. Clause:

A group of words comprising a subject and a finite verb is known as a clause. A sentence has at least one clause.

शब्दों का समूह जिसमें subject+ finite verb का एक कॉम्बिनेशन हो clause कहलाता है। Sentence में एक clause का होना आवश्यक है।

e.g. I know him.  (1 sentence/ 1 clause)// e.g. I know what you do. (1 sentence/ 2 clauses)

 

##6. Phrase:

A group of words or a fixed expression without a subject and a finite verb is known as a phrase.

शब्दों का समूह जिसमें subject+ finite verb न हो phrase कहलाता है।

e.g. In the night/ e.g. At noon/ e.g. On purpose/ e.g. At large

 

##7. Idiom:

A group of words in a fixed order which has a particular meaning different from the collective meaning of the words is known as an idiom.

एक निश्चित क्रम में मौजूद शब्दों का समूह जिसका वास्तविक अर्थ उसके शब्दों द्वारा दर्शाये जाने वाले अर्थ से अलग हो idiom कहलाता है।

e.g. Beat around the bush= मुख्य टॉपिक से हटकर कोई और बात करना

e.g. On cloud nine= बहुत खुश होना

 

##8. Proverb:

A well-known saying that tells us about a truth or gives us some moral advice is known as a proverb.

कोई मशहूर कहावत जो हमको या तो किसी सत्य के बारे में बताये या कोई नैतिक ज्ञान दे proverb कहलाती है।

e.g. Fortune favours the brave.= किस्मत बहादुरों का साथ देती है।

e.g. Better late than never.= दुर्घटना से देर भली

 

##9. Assertive sentences:

A sentence that gives us information is known as an assertive sentence. It ends with a full stop.

वाक्य जो हमको कोई जानकारी देता है assertive sentence कहलाता है।

 

e.g. He is rich./ e.g. He is not rich./ e.g. She was an officer./ e.g. She was not an officer./ e.g. Mohan works hard./ e.g. Mohan doesn't work hard./ e.g. I need some time. / e.g. I don't need any time.

 

#There are two types of assertive sentences:

A.Affirmative sentences/ B.Negative sentences

 

A.Affirmative sentence:

An affirmative sentence expresses a fact or an idea without the use of negative words or phrases. / सकारात्मक जानकारी देने वाले वाक्य assertive sentences कहलाते हैं।

e.g. He is rich. / e.g. She was an officer./ e.g. Mohan works hard./ e.g. I need some time.

 

B.Negative sentence:

A negative statement expresses that something is not true or does not exist. Words such as 'no', 'never', 'not' etc. are used in these sentences./ नकारात्मक जानकारी देने वाले वाक्य negative sentences कहलाते हैं। इन वाक्यों में 'no', 'never', 'not' इत्यादि शब्दों का प्रयोग करते हैं!

e.g. He is not rich./ e.g. She was not an officer./ e.g. Mohan doesn't work hard./ e.g. I don't need any time./ e.g. He never came to me for help./ e.g. She has no manners.

 

##10. Categories [Nouns/ Pronouns]:

I person= I/ WE

II person= YOU

III person= HE/ SHE/ IT/ THEY/ RAM/ TABLE/ FRIENDS/ CHAIRS/ ARMY/ JURY etc.

 

I= singular

We= plural

You= singular/ plural [You एक या एक से अधिक व्यक्ति की बात कर सकता है किन्तु इसके साथ हमेशा plural verb का प्रयोग करते हैं।]

He= singular

She= singular

It= singular

They= plural

Ram/ Table= singular

Friends/ Chairs= plural

Army/ Jury= singular/ plural

 

नोट- सभी nouns, including collecive nouns, 'III person category' में आते हैं।

 

Thank you

Nishant, Ph.9555758152